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International Review of Electrical Engineering - December 2006 - Papers

Optimal Placement of Fault Indicators in Distribution Networks, by C. D. Pham, B. Raison, J.-P. Rognon
Modelling and Simulation of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields Using an Hybrid Method for Poorly Conducting Ground Case, by A. Mimouni, Z. Azzouz, O. Harraz, B. Guemri, A. Cherifi
Electricity Pricing Strategy for Hydro Electric Power Under Deregulation, by P. Reji, S. Ashok
Electromagnetic Shielding by Chiral Material, by R. Oussaid, H. Saadi
FEM Modeling of Polypropylene and PANI-EB Layer Structure, by M. Takala, P. Salovaara, T. Keikko, K. Kannus
An Optimal Energy Management Strategy for Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicles, by S. Meo, F. Esposito
Active Balancing Control of Flying Capacitor Voltage Sources of the Multilevel Inverter, by M. Ben Smida, F. Ben Ammar
Test of a PWM Controller Using Real-Time Digital Simulation, by C. Gombert, D. Ocnasu, S. Bacha, D. Roye, Y. Bésanger
Exact Generation of Voltage Vector in Voltage Inverter with Pulse Width Modulation, by A. Lewicki, Z. Krzeminski, B. Zosiuk
Applying FPGA-based PID Controller to the Forward Converter with Parameters on-line Tuned, by K. I. Hwu
Mathematical Nonlinear Modeling of the PWM Modulation Applied to Interleaved DC-to-DC Converters Design and Simulation, by A. A. Nogueiras, A. Lago, L. J. Álvarez, O. López, J. Doval, J. Marcos, C. Martínez-Peñalver
Performance Analysis of Induction Motor Speed Control Method that Utilizes Power Line Communication, by A. Kosonen, M. Jokinen, J. Ahola, M. Niemelä
Comparison of PI and Direct Power Control with SVM of Doubly Fed Induction Generator, by C. Belfedal, S. Moreau, G. Champenois, T. Allaoui, M. Denai
Control Under Reduced Voltage of a DFIG Based Wind System in Presence of Large Grid Faults, by S. Skander-Mustapha, I. Slama-Belkhodja
Effect of Fuzzy Controlled Braking Resistor on Damping Turbine Generator Shaft Torsional Oscillations During Unsuccessful Reclosing, by M. H. Ali, T. Murata, J. Tamura
Finite Horizon Non Linear Predictive Controller for an Electromagnetic Suspension System, by R. Hedjar

International Review of Electrical Engineering - October 2006

International Review of Electrical Engineering - August 2006

International Review of Electrical Engineering - June 2006

International Review of Electrical Engineering - April 2006

International Review of Electrical Engineering - February 2006

International Review of Electrical Engineering - Papers

Optimal Placement of Fault Indicators in Distribution Networks
by C. D. Pham, B. Raison, J.-P. Rognon

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 582-593

Abstract - This paper presents an optimization method of Fault Indicator placement by genetic algorithms. This optimization makes it possible to enhance the fault treatment process in distribution networks and thus reduces the energy not served or other reliability indexes for instance. Requirements such as the network structure with switchgear system, fault probability, economic parameters and fault localization process by switchgear maneuver are taken into account in an objective function to minimize. The influence of dispersed generation, inserted in the distribution network, on the fault indicator placement is also carried out. The tool created provides help to select the optimal fault indicator placement in the network taking into account its history and status.

Keywords: Distribution network, Dispersed Generation (DG), fault detection, Fault Indicator (FI), optimization, Genetic Algorithms (GAs).

Modelling and Simulation of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields Using an Hybrid Method for Poorly Conducting Ground Case
by A. Mimouni, Z. Azzouz, O. Harraz, B. Guemri, A. Cherifi

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 594-602

Abstract - The aim of this paper is the calculation of lightning electromagnetic fields for a poorly conducting ground. For this objective, we first, discuss the return stroke models in two categories: Transmission line (TL) models and Travelling-Current Source (TCS) models. Usually, the representative expression of engineering models doesn’t include two of the TCS models which are the Diendorfer and Uman (DU) model and Modified DU with additional Decay (MDUD); for that, a new expression is proposed in this paper which solves this problem. Secondly, use is made of a hybrid technique based partially on the quasi- image theory, for the calculation of magnetic field, and on a Finite Difference Time Domain (F.D.T.D.) method, for the calculation of electric field components, taking into account the finite conductivity of the ground. The results are compared with other approximate numerical methods available in the literature. Our approach reproduces the same wave shapes of the electric and magnetic fields above the ground of a finite conductivity. Nevertheless, some discrepancies can be observed which can be explained by the differences in the lightning current model and current parameters.

Keywords: Electromagnetic compatibility, Electromagnetic field, lightning, FDTD, quasi-image, return stoke models.

Electricity Pricing Strategy for Hydro Electric Power Under Deregulation

by P. Reji, S. Ashok

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 603-608

Abstract - In a deregulated power market, electricity producers generally follow marginal cost based price fixing strategy. Accordingly, each utility follows their own pricing strategy in the market. Absence of a general model to determine the optimal electricity price at the generator end point leads to non standard pricing practices by different generators. This paper presents a general strategy to determine the electricity price in hydro electric generating stations. Optimal price motivates investment and results in quality power supply to the terminal point. The proposed model is formulated based on performance incentive and penalty considering peak/off -peak loads, plant load factor and availability of the plant. The developed model is applied to a typical storage type hydroelectric utility in India to determine the electricity price. Results were found confirmatory.

Keywords: Deregulation, Capital cost, Demand charges, Energy charges, Electricity pricing.

Electromagnetic Shielding by Chiral Material

by R. Oussaid, H. Saadi

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 609-612

Abstract - In this paper we present a theoretical study of the plane waves in chiral media. The reflection from and transmission through a dielectric-chiral interface are analyzed. When a plane wave is incident upon a boundary between a dielectric and a chiral medium, it splits into two transmitted waves proceeding into the chiral medium and a reflected wave propagating back into the dielectric. The interface is made of chiral material and it is electromagnetically characterized with three material parameters: permittivity, permeability, and chirality. Due to chirality, there is magnetoelectric coupling. The electric and magnetic shielding effects are shown to be function of the three material parameters. We found that, at normal incidence, reflection is found to occur similar to that for the isotropic medium. The cross-polarization effects caused by the chirality will appear at oblique wave incidence.

Keywords: Chiral media, wave propagation, Electromagnetic, shielding.

FEM Modeling of Polypropylene and PANI-EB Layer Structure

by M. Takala, P. Salovaara, T. Keikko, K. Kannus

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 613-618

Abstract - This paper presents the results of finite element method (FEM) modeling of polypropylene (PP) and polyaniline emeraldine base (PANI-EB) layer structure. Modeling started with permittivity measurements of pure PANI-EB as a function of electric field. Curve fitting of the electric field dependence of relative permittivity was made for PANI-EB. The actual behavior of the materials was concluded in the model, which consisted PP and PANI-EB layers. Defects were simulated in the structure and electric field distribution in the structure was studied. Modeling of this kind of structure was done to verify the effect of PANI-EB layer on the electric field strength in PP. The target is to find possible ways to lower the stresses which are subjected to PP. The advantage of the PANI-EB layer is not obvious when there is no distortion in the structure, but with some distortion PANI-EB can absorb electric field because its relative permittivity changes as a function of electric field. The results indicate that the idea of using PANI-EB as an electric field dependent permittivity material in stress grading needs to be studied further.

Keywords: FEM modeling, electric field dependent relative permittivity, polyaniline emeraldine base, polypropylene.

An Optimal Energy Management Strategy for Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicles
by S. Meo, F. Esposito

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 619-632

Abstract - The paper deals with a particular application of the optimal control theory in the formulation of an energy management strategy oriented to the minimization of the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions in a well known commercial vehicle; specifically, the Toyota Prius NHW10 model has been considered as a case study. The results of the suggested strategy show a reduction of 3.6% in fuel use and much more in emissions. The same strategy could be applied for other hybrid architectures (in power-split or parallel configuration), for minimizing both fuel consumption and emissions.

Keywords: power-split hybrid electric vehicles, energy management, optimal control, fuel reduction, emissions reduction, automotive electric power system.

Active Balancing Control of Flying Capacitor Voltage Sources of the Multilevel Inverter

by M. Ben Smida, F. Ben Ammar

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 633-645

Abstract - In this paper, the authors proposed an appropriate balancing control of flying capacitor voltage sources of a multilevel IGBT inverter. In order to guarantee the output voltage quality, the control consists in imposing the sense of the current through the flying sources by the control of the adjacent switches. Mathematical model has been developed to investigate all possible switching signal permutations that produce the desired voltage output and maintain steady state capacitor voltage balancing. The numerical implementation of the balancing algorithm is validated on an evaluation card XS40 based on a field programmed gate array circuit (FPGA) XC4010E+ of XILINX. The experimental results are carried out to confirm the high performance of the proposed active balancing control.

Keywords: flying capacitor, multilevel IGBT inverter, capacitor voltage balancing, implementation, field programmed gate array circuit (FPGA).

Test of a PWM Controller Using Real-Time Digital Simulation

by C. Gombert, D. Ocnasu, S. Bacha, D. Roye, Y. Bésanger

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 646-653

Abstract - Test of Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) controllers using real-time digital simulators is a particular challenge regarding their computational capabilities. These simulators use a fixed time-step, and thus, switching events detection is hazardous and the sampling of PWM signals cannot be performed with the required accuracy. To overcome the problem, a new solution is proposed in this paper: the sampling of the inputs signals is improved with a hardware interface and averaged models are used to avoid switching events in the simulation. To validate the method, a benchmark was realized to test a PWM controller for Distribution STATic COMpensator (D-STATCOM).

Keywords: Averaged models, Distribution Flexible Alternative Current Transmission System (D-FACTS), digital control, power system, Pulse Width Modulation, Real-time simulation.

Exact Generation of Voltage Vector in Voltage Inverter with Pulse Width Modulation
by A. Lewicki, Z. Krzeminski, B. Zosiuk

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 654-662

Abstract - Introducing of dead-times into transistors control signals influences on exactness of voltage vector generation in a voltage source inverter. An improper determination of a phase current sign has the influence on correctness of dead-time effect compensation. In the paper a new strategy of phase width modulation (PWM) is presented. The proposed control strategy is based on appropriate choosing of sequence of active and passive vectors, depending on phase currents’ signs and trajectories. The presented approach allows to generate the voltage vector, independently of a current’s vector position. Turn-on and turn-off times of transistors, parasitical capacitances and rounding of activating times of component vectors have an influence on the exactness of generation of voltage vector. Those parameters and phenomena are taken into consideration, and a method of compensation is proposed in the paper. Presented PWM strategy makes it possible to generate exactly the voltage vector in whole frequency range. The correctness of proposed modulation method was confirmed by experimental research. Transients of phase currents, for frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz, are presented in the paper.

Keywords: Dead time, power transistor, PWM, voltage source inverter.

Applying FPGA-based PID Controller to the Forward Converter with Parameters on-line Tuned
by K. I. Hwu

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 663-669

Abstract - In this paper, based on a field programmable gate array (FPGA) technique is presented to design the PID controller and applied to the forward converter. The on-line tuning of controller parameters is used to reduce the effect of input voltage variations on the transient load response. Besides, the improvement in the transient load response is considered further, especially for the maximum input voltage. The validity of the proposed control topology is demonstrated via some experimental results.

Keywords: FPGA; forward converter, on-line tuning, PID controller, transient load response.

Mathematical Nonlinear Modeling of the PWM Modulation Applied to Interleaved DC-to-DC Converters Design and Simulation
by A. A. Nogueiras, A. Lago, L. J. Álvarez, O. López, J. Doval, J. Marcos, C. Martínez-Peñalver

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 670-683

Abstract - Design of interleaved DC-to-DC PWM converters is done by means of simulations. Accurate models of PWM signals, output filters dynamics and different control loop methods and topologies are needed. As dealing with interleaving systems, the model must be able to change the switching sequence dynamically. A mathematical analysis of PWM pulses reveals the presence of Heaviside Unitary Pulse, allowing the creation of a nonlinear simulation model of a modulator, which shows a high degree of precision and flexibility to produce different modulation schemes. The PWM modulator can be coupled with nonlinear models of output filters of DC-to-DC converters, and different control methods (analog, discrete and fuzzy), to simulate single or multiple converters systems.

Keywords: Interleaved DC-to-DC converters, Nonlinear modelign, Nonlinear simulation, PWM converters.

Performance Analysis of Induction Motor Speed Control Method that Utilizes Power Line Communication
by A. Kosonen, M. Jokinen, J. Ahola, M. Niemelä

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 684-694

Abstract - In motor control, a feedback loop is used to transfer the measured motor rotor speed or angle information to a controller. The implementation of the feedback loop between a motor and a frequency converter requires instrumentation cabling. However, the motor power feeder cable could be used as a medium for data transmission. The data transmission utilizes a standardized PLC (Power Line Communication) method that forms an Ethernet connection over the motor feeder cable. The adopted method is packet based, and hence generates latency, which may vary due to packet retransmissions. In this article, the performance of the method is studied and analyzed with simulations and laboratory experiments. In addition, comparison measurements with a commercial drive are also carried out. The commercial drive is used both as speed feedback and sensorless mode. The performance of the applied method is compared, in particular, with a sensorless method.

Keywords: Power Line Communication, Electrical Drive, Ethernet, Feedback Speed Control, Rotation Speed, HomePlug, Motor Feeder Cable, Latency.

Comparison of PI and Direct Power Control with SVM of Doubly Fed Induction Generator
by C. Belfedal, S. Moreau, G. Champenois, T. Allaoui, M. Denai

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 695-703

Abstract - The present paper proposes a method for the independent control of active and reactive powers of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). DFIG is used generally in the production of the electric energy and more especially in wind turbines. The machine is connected to a public network and works as a generator. Its rotor is fed by a two levels inverter. Two control strategies are presented. The first one is based on a conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and the second uses the Direct Power Control strategy (DPC) associated to Space Vector Modulation (SVM). A comparative study is presented to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed control method over the conventional PI control.

Keywords: DFIG, wind turbine, PI controller, DPC controller, SVM.

Control Under Reduced Voltage of a DFIG Based Wind System in Presence of Large Grid Faults
by S. Skander-Mustapha, I. Slama-Belkhodja

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 704-710

Abstract - In this paper, the authors investigate the behavior of a variable speed wind system based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), working in presence of large voltage grid sag. When such grid faults occur, the usual remedial solution is, firstly, to disconnect the rotor of the DFIG from the grid, in order to protect the static converter, using a crowbar circuit and secondly, to remain disconnected until fault clearance. In this paper, the authors study the remedial solution of controlling the system even under reduced grid voltage. They present and detail each step of the control during the grid failure: first, activation of the crowbar circuit, then its deactivation and operation under reduced voltage with supplying grid with reactive power, and finally recovery of safety voltage and reactivation of crowbar. Simulation results are carried out to prove the efficiency of the proposed control. They emphasize the advantage of the DFIG in such faulty conditions.

Keywords: Doubly Fed Induction Generator, Field Oriented Control, voltage dip, crowbar, reactive power, reduced voltage.

Effect of Fuzzy Controlled Braking Resistor on Damping Turbine Generator Shaft Torsional Oscillations During Unsuccessful Reclosing
by M. H. Ali, T. Murata, J. Tamura

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 711-718

Abstract - This paper analyzes the effect of the fuzzy logic-controlled braking resistor (BR) on damping turbine-generator shaft torsional oscillations during unsuccessful reclosing of circuit breakers. The performance of fuzzy logic-controlled braking resistor is compared to that of conventional PI (Proportional–Integral) controlled braking resistor. Simulation results of both balanced and unbalanced faults in a single machine connected to an infinite bus system show that the proposed fuzzy logic-controlled BR is effective in damping shaft torsional oscillations of synchronous generator during unsuccessful reclosing of circuit breakers. Moreover, the performance of fuzzy logic-controlled braking resistor is better than that of PI controlled braking resistor.

Keywords: Braking Resistor, Damping Turbine-Generator Shaft Torsional Oscillations, EMTP, Fuzzy Logic Controller, PI (Proportional–Integral) Controller, Unsuccessful Reclosing.

Finite Horizon Non Linear Predictive Controller for an Electromagnetic Suspension System
by R. Hedjar

Vol. 1. n. 5, pp. 719-726

Abstract - In this paper, a finite horizon non linear predictive controller is applied to an electromagnetic suspension system, with nonlinear observer, for the purpose of increasing the stability domain and improving the dynamics behavior of the nonlinear system around the equilibrium point. Additionally, with adequate choice of the control parameters, the asymptotic stability of the closed system with nonlinear observer is proved. It is shown by computer simulation that the position and velocity tracking objectives via position measurement are achieved. Furthermore, it is robust with respect to model uncertainties.

Keywords: Electromagnetic suspension, predictive control, nonlinear system, non linear observer and stability domain.

International Review of Electrical Engineering - December 2006 - Papers

Electricity Pricing Strategy for Hydro Electric Power Under Deregulation

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