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International Review of Electrical Engineering - April 2007 - Papers

Passive vs. Other Islanding Detection Methods, by O. Abarrategui, I. Zamora , D. Marene Larruskain
Impact of Internal Operating Constraints of GUPFC on Power Flow Control, by S. K. Srivastava, K. G. Upadhyay, S. N. Singh
Shunt Capacitors and Load Unbalance Influence on Radial Distribution System Harmonic Response, by O. Boudebbouz, K. Zehar
Fast Detection and Classification of Power Quality Disturbances Based on DSP Implementation, by M. E. Salem, A. Mohamed, S. A. Samad
Synchronous PWM Control of Five-Phase Inverters, by V. Oleschuk, F. Profumo, A. Tenconi
Five-Level, Single-Phase Active Rectifier with Extended Functions, by J. Lira, C. Núñez, M. Flota, R. Álvarez, F. J. Pérez-Pinal
Analysis and Implementation of a Single-Phase AC-AC Converter to Compensate Voltage Sags and Swells, by J. Pérez, V. Cárdenas, H. Miranda
Impact of Output-Voltage Remote Sensing on Converter Dynamics, by M. Karppanen, T. Suntio, M. Sippola
Investigation of Electromagnetic Emission in Power Converters, by M. Melit, B. Nekhoul, N. Boudjerda, K. El Khamlichi Drissi, K. Kerroum
Efficient Gradient Coil Driver for MRI, by P. Bauer, S. Spanjaard, J. A. Ferreira, M. Hollander
Modelisation of Spiral Inductors by the Iterative Method Based on the Waves Concept, by Y. Lamhene, B. Haraoubia, R. Oussaïd
Matrix Converter for Six-Phase Induction Machine Drive System, by A. Djahbar, B. Mazari
Sensitivity to Parameters’ Variations in Sensorless Induction Motor Drives Using a Reduced Order MRAS Observer, by A. Bellini, S. Bifaretti
A Vector Hysteresis Current Control Applied on Three-Level Inverter. Application to the Active and Reactive Power Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Turbine, by T. Ghennam, E. M. Berkouk, B. Francois
Design of Damper Windings for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines, by J. A. Kinnunen, J. Pyrhönen, M. Niemelä, O. Liukkonen, P. Kurronen
Linear Tubular Switched Reluctance Stepping Motor Modeling, by K. Ben Saad, M. Benrejeb, P. Brochet
Dynamic Modelling of SRM Drive Assisted by Powersys and Simulink, by K. I. Hwu

International Review of Electrical Engineering - Papers

Passive vs. Other Islanding Detection Methods, by O. Abarrategui
by O. Abarrategui, I. Zamora , D. Marene Larruskain

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 136-144

Abstract - In order to face the requirements that the power grid will have to meet during the following years, the use of Distributed Generation will increase significantly. The integration of a significant amount of Distributed Generation to the grid poses different problems, such as islanding. Different islanding detection methods have been used; traditional, passive and active methods. This paper reviews the passive detection methods and compares their effectiveness with other detection methods such as active detection or communication-based methods.

Keywords: Distributed Generation, Islanding Detection, Passive, Active, DLC.

Impact of Internal Operating Constraints of GUPFC on Power Flow Control
by S. K. Srivastava, K. G. Upadhyay, S. N. Singh

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 145-154

Abstract - Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) controllers improve the power systems performance in several ways. The generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) or multi-line unified power flow controller is one of the FACTS devices, which can control bus voltage and power flows of more than one lines or even a sub-network. This paper illustrates the impact of constraints due to number of internal operating limits of the GUPFC controller. Using injected power model of GUPFC, the power flow control analysis is performed incorporating various constraints. The active and reactive power flows characteristics of two transmission lines with operating limits of GUPFC have been investigated and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated on a test system.

Keywords: Flexible AC transmission systems, GUPFC, Operating limits, Operating regions, Injected mode.

Shunt Capacitors and Load Unbalance Influence on Radial Distribution System Harmonic Response

by O. Boudebbouz, K. Zehar

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 155-162

Abstract - In this paper, shunt capacitors and load unbalance influence on radial distribution system harmonic response is investigated. A Householder matrix formula (HMF) is proposed to find simultaneous three- phase bus impedance matrix and total harmonic distortion (THD) relating to shunt capacitor change at any location feeder. Nonlinear load as six-pulse converter fed under unbalanced voltage is considered. Fundamental three-phase load flow (FTLF) based on current injection method (CIM) is used to calculate three-phase fundamental bus voltages (TFBV) in phase and sequence reference frame. They are useful for computing harmonic load impedances and harmonic currents injected by non linear loads. The simulation test was used for the validation process. The obtained analytical results confirm the efficiency of the proposed method.

Keywords: Capacitor, Frequency Scan, Harmonics, Householder Method, Unbalance conditions.

Fast Detection and Classification of Power Quality Disturbances Based on DSP Implementation

by M. E. Salem, A. Mohamed, S. A. Samad

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 163-170

Abstract - Detection and classification of power quality (PQ) disturbances in real-time is an important consideration to electric utilities and many industrial customers so that diagnosis and mitigation of such disturbances can be implemented quickly. This paper presents real-time detection and classification of PQ disturbances using the S-transform analysis and rule based system. Its implementation is by means of using advanced digital signal processor to provide fast data capture and processing of signals. The S-transform analysis is used to extract distinct features of various disturbances in which these features are used to formulate rules. A rule based system is developed to automate the process of classifying the various types of disturbances. The test results prove that the implementation of the S-transform and rule based system provide accurate detection and classification of PQ disturbances.

Keywords: Digital signal processor, power quality, disturbance classification, S-transform.

Synchronous PWM Control of Five-Phase Inverters

by V. Oleschuk, F. Profumo, A. Tenconi

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 171-179

Abstract - A new method of synchronized pulsewidth modulation (PWM) has been developed for control of a five-phase voltage source inverter. It allows synchronization of the phase-to-neutral voltages in five-phase systems during the whole control range, including the zone of overmodulation. Space-vector approach for determination of the pulse patterns provides minimum number of switchings and minimal switching losses in the system. Simulations give the behavior of five-phase inverters with both continuous and discontinuous versions of synchronized PWM. The spectra of the phase-to-neutral voltage of the five-phase power conversion systems with algorithms of synchronized PWM do not contain even harmonics and sub-harmonics during the whole control range, which is especially important for the high power/current applications.

Keywords: Inverter, Pulsewidth Modulation, Synchronization of Voltage Waveforms.

Five-Level, Single-Phase Active Rectifier with Extended Functions
by J. Lira, C. Núñez, M. Flota, R. Álvarez, F. J. Pérez-Pinal

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 180-187

Abstract - A five-level, single-phase active rectifier, which is commonly used to improve the power factor, is analyzed in order to extend its functions for voltage sag ride-through and simultaneously works as active filter. It makes use of two bidirectional switches between the rectifier AC and DC sides. The stages used to achieve the extended functions are: an output power estimator, which uses the AC mains voltage peak value calculated by using the single-phase DQ transformation to perform the voltage sag ride-through; a DC-link voltage regulator, and a harmonic current estimator. A hysteresis current controller is applied to track the reference current. Theoretical and predicted results of its analysis are verified initially through digital simulation, and confirmed by using a 1 kVA experimental prototype.

Keywords: Active Filter, Hysteresis Current Controller, Multilevel Active Rectifier, Power Factor Correction, Voltage Sag Ride-Through.

Analysis and Implementation of a Single-Phase AC-AC Converter to Compensate Voltage Sags and Swells

by J. Pérez, V. Cárdenas, H. Miranda

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 188-195

Abstract - A converter topology to compensate voltage sags and swells simultaneously for critical loads is proposed. It consists in a single-phase AC-AC matrix converter, which keeps a continuous regulation in the output voltage and it is able to compensate up to 25% voltage sags and 50% voltage swells. Energy storage devices are not required and the converter is directly connected to the AC mains taking the necessary energy to compensate the load perturbations. The compensation voltage is injected through a coupling transformer. The four step switching technique is used to drive the AC-AC converter switches, executing a snubber-less operation. An optimal operation sequence that improves the operation features of the AC-AC converter is analyzed and proposed. The reference control signal is generated by using the single-phase dq theory, obtaining a fast time response to compensate voltage sags and swells and a high regulation. The switching pattern is obtained from a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), and a Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) is used to control the state of the switches and the respective dead time. Several simulation and experimental results of a 5 kVA-127 V, 60 Hz experimental setup is presented in order to validate the obtained analysis.

Keywords: AC-AC Converters, Sags, Swells.

Impact of Output-Voltage Remote Sensing on Converter Dynamics

by M. Karppanen, T. Suntio, M. Sippola

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 196-202

Abstract - Desired features of the output-voltage remote sensing are the improving of the static accuracy and transient response of the load voltage by reducing the effects of connection impedances. The application of remote sensing may, however, easily deteriorate the stability and performance of the converter by changing its internal dynamics significantly due to adding additional impedances into the converter. A typical effect of the pure cabling connection is an increase in the capacitive-load sensitivity especially at high frequencies. Resonant-type connection impedance may change the internal dynamics more profoundly making the converter also more prone to the source and load interactions. The paper provides consistent methods to analyze the impact of the remote sensing on the converter dynamics based on a general two-port model of an electrical voltage-output system. Buck converters are used to provide practical evidence.

Keywords: Remote sensing, switched-mode converter, internal dynamics, stability.

Investigation of Electromagnetic Emission in Power Converters
by M. Melit, B. Nekhoul, N. Boudjerda, K. El Khamlichi Drissi, K. Kerroum

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 203-216

Abstract - In this work we propose some concepts for the calculation of the electromagnetic field radiated by the power electronic converters during the commutation. These analytic concepts are easy for computer implementation and permit to avoid all other numerical methods used generally in the simulation codes on the market and treat this topic only in frequency domain. Our study is led by two approaches, one in frequency domain and the other in time domain for the treatment of the nonlinear behavior of the switches during commutation. We also present a technique for reducing the radiated electromagnetic field by introduction of simple passive loops achieved inside the circuit of the converter. To validate our theoretical work, we present some results.

Keywords: converter, commutations, electromagnetic emission, reduction.

Efficient Gradient Coil Driver for MRI
by P. Bauer, S. Spanjaard, J. A. Ferreira, M. Hollander

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 217-223

Abstract - In a Magnetic Resonance Imager, or MRI device, so called ‘gradient coils’ are used for generating time and place dependent magnetic field pulses. The current pulses through this mainly inductive component should preferably be block shaped. Because block shaped current pulses require infinite high voltage over the coil clamps, physical limitations require blocked shaped current pulses to be approximated by trapezium shaped current pulses. The challenge in the gradient coil driver is to create pulses with a high precision and fast transient. In this paper an innovative topology of a gradient coil driver with two sources and clamp capacitor is suggested. Advantages and disadvantages of the selected concept are summarized and documented by experimental results.

Keywords: Template Gradient coil drive, Magnetic resonance imager.

Modelisation of Spiral Inductors by the Iterative Method Based on the Waves Concept
by Y. Lamhene, B. Haraoubia, R. Oussaïd

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 224-231

Abstract - A new iterative method based on waves concept of planar inductor and the coupling of two inductors for different coupling distances was studied and modelled. The formalism of the mathematical operators was applied. The contribution of the Fast Fourier Transform allows to accelerate the digital processing in order to have electromagnetic information on each pixel of the discretized circuit plan. The software implemented initially permit calculation of the current density or electric field in the circuit locked up in a metal case. From this study the result will lead to the determination of the ' S ' parameters modeling the coupling of the spiral inductors without neglecting the compensation by an air bridge with the intersection on the same plan of the inductor drivers.

Keywords: Planar circuit, iterative process, spiral inductor, Fast Modal Transform.

Matrix Converter for Six-Phase Induction Machine Drive System
by A. Djahbar, B. Mazari

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 232-241

Abstract - In this paper, a novel vector controlled six- phase induction machine fed from six-phase matrix converter is proposed. First, an appropriate vector control algorithm is discussed. Next, an algorithm for calculating switching angles for six phase matrix converter is derived. A scalar modulation scheme with three intervals which ensures high performance and meets desired requirements is used for the control of matrix converter. Simulation results obtained are very satisfactory and showed that direct vector control performance is enhanced using six-phase matrix converter. Furthermore, the results obtained are encouraging for application to higher power machines.

Keywords: Six-phase Matrix Converter, scalar modulation strategy, vector control, six-phase induction machine.

Sensitivity to Parameters’ Variations in Sensorless Induction Motor Drives Using a Reduced Order MRAS Observer
by A. Bellini, S. Bifaretti

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 242-249

Abstract - In recent years, the elimination of the speed transducer in vector controlled induction motor drives has assumed a particular importance and so several methods have been proposed to estimate the motor speed. One of the simplest approaches utilizes a Model Reference Adaptive System using a reduced order reference model. The main problem connected to this approach is represented by the inaccuracy of the speed estimation due to parameters’ errors. In particular, in the low speed region any error between the actual value of the stator resistance and that used within the speed estimator may lead not only to a substantial speed estimation error but also to drive instability. The paper takes into consideration the MRAS approach and presents a simple methodology to determine, in analytical way, the sensitivity of the speed estimation to electromagnetic parameters’ variations. The obtained sensitivity formulae were verified by a suitable simulation program, in Matlab-Simulink environment.

Keywords: Induction Motor Drives, MRAS Observers, Sensitivity, Sensorless control.

A Vector Hysteresis Current Control Applied on Three-Level Inverter. Application to the Active and Reactive Power Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Turbine
by T. Ghennam, E. M. Berkouk, B. Francois

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 250-259

Abstract - This paper presents a new vector hysteresis current control (V.H.C.C), which is applied on a three-phase three-level voltage source inverter (VSI). The proposed control technique is used to control the active and reactive power of wind turbines by means of controlling the rotor currents of the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). It gathers the three current errors into a single space vector quantity. In this case, the magnitude of the error vector is limited within boundary areas of a square shape and also the line current interactions are avoided in the three phase system. Furthermore, the application of the three zero voltage vectors reduces the mean switching frequency of the three phase three-level inverter.

Keywords: Vector hysteresis current control, three-phase three-level inverter, doubly fed induction generator, wind energy, active and reactive power control.

Design of Damper Windings for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines
by J. A. Kinnunen, J. Pyrhönen, M. Niemelä, O. Liukkonen, P. Kurronen

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 260-272

Abstract - Parameter analysis and the performance characteristics of a non-salient pole three-phase ac generator equipped with permanent magnets (PM) and damper windings are studied. Asynchronous and synchronous operations are discussed. A dq-simulation model is used to analyze the asynchronous and synchronous torque components of the direct-on-line permanent magnet synchronous generator. Analytical calculations are compared to the simulation model results. 3-dimensional time transient field element analysis (3D FEA) results are compared to practical measurement results. A 3D FEA model is used to analyze the effects of the changes in the damper winding construction. Practical experiments are carried out with a 5.2 kW prototype axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator.

Keywords: Asynchronous operation, damper winding, direct on line connection, grid connection, line-start permanent magnet machines, permanent magnet braking torque, permanent magnet synchronous generator, pull-in torque, pull-out torque.

Linear Tubular Switched Reluctance Stepping Motor Modeling
by K. Ben Saad, M. Benrejeb, P. Brochet

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 273-281

Abstract - The classical model of the tubular switched reluctance stepping motor presents a number of limitations. To design a better model, a new modeling approach based on the use of Artificial Neural Networks is proposed in this paper. It takes into account the real inductances and propulsive force characteristics. The concordance observed between the simulated characteristics, obtained from the new model, and those determined by practical tests proves the efficiency of the suggested modeling approach for some stepping motor control techniques.

Keywords: Linear Tubular Switched Reluctance Stepping Motor; sinusoidal model; advanced model; artificial neural networks.

Dynamic Modelling of SRM Drive Assisted by Powersys and Simulink
by K. I. Hwu

Vol. 2. n. 2, pp. 282-292

Abstract - Although PSPICE is a powerful tool to simulate the circuits, it is a tough job to simulate the electromagnetic behavior of a converter-fed motor drive, particularly the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with highly-nonlinear property. Therefore, a simulation environment of the SRM drive combining the features of POWERSYS and SIMULINK is developed in this paper. In the establishment of SRM drive simulation environment, the nonlinear inductance-current-position characteristics are experimentally obtained first. Accordingly, the variation of the phase inductance with rotor position is approximately represented by Fourier series with the first three terms considered. The coefficients of the Fourier series are determined by the values of the inductance at the aligned position, the unaligned position and the position midway between the two. On the other hand, the variation of phase inductance with winding current for a given rotor position is fitted by a third-order polynomial whose coefficients are derived from experimental results. The construction of other components is also described in detail. Some experimental and simulated winding current and rotor speed dynamic responses are compared to validate the effectiveness of the developed simulation environment.

Keywords: Fourier Series, POWERSYS, SIMULINK, SRM.

International Review of Electrical Engineering - April 2007 - Papers

Shunt Capacitors and Load Unbalance Influence on Radial Distribution System Harmonic Response

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